根据 CIDR 前缀计算 IPv6 范围

首先：IPv6没有网络和广播地址。您可以使用前缀中的所有地址。第二：在局域网上，前缀长度始终（嗯，99.x%的时间）为/64。路由/68 会破坏 IPv6 功能，如无状态自动配置。

以下是 IPv6 前缀计算器的详细实现：

<?php
/*
 * This is definitely not the fastest way to do it!
 */
// An example prefix
$prefix = '2001:db8:abc:1400::/54';
// Split in address and prefix length
list($firstaddrstr, $prefixlen) = explode('/', $prefix);
// Parse the address into a binary string
$firstaddrbin = inet_pton($firstaddrstr);
// Convert the binary string to a string with hexadecimal characters
# unpack() can be replaced with bin2hex()
# unpack() is used for symmetry with pack() below
$firstaddrhex = reset(unpack('H*', $firstaddrbin));
// Overwriting first address string to make sure notation is optimal
$firstaddrstr = inet_ntop($firstaddrbin);
// Calculate the number of 'flexible' bits
$flexbits = 128 - $prefixlen;
// Build the hexadecimal string of the last address
$lastaddrhex = $firstaddrhex;
// We start at the end of the string (which is always 32 characters long)
$pos = 31;
while ($flexbits > 0) {
  // Get the character at this position
  $orig = substr($lastaddrhex, $pos, 1);
  // Convert it to an integer
  $origval = hexdec($orig);
  // OR it with (2^flexbits)-1, with flexbits limited to 4 at a time
  $newval = $origval | (pow(2, min(4, $flexbits)) - 1);
  // Convert it back to a hexadecimal character
  $new = dechex($newval);
  // And put that character back in the string
  $lastaddrhex = substr_replace($lastaddrhex, $new, $pos, 1);
  // We processed one nibble, move to previous position
  $flexbits -= 4;
  $pos -= 1;
}
// Convert the hexadecimal string to a binary string
# Using pack() here
# Newer PHP version can use hex2bin()
$lastaddrbin = pack('H*', $lastaddrhex);
// And create an IPv6 address from the binary string
$lastaddrstr = inet_ntop($lastaddrbin);
// Report to user
echo "Prefix: $prefix'n";
echo "First: $firstaddrstr'n";
echo "Last: $lastaddrstr'n";
?>

它应该输出：

Prefix: 2001:db8:abc:1400::/54
First: 2001:db8:abc:1400::
Last: 2001:db8:abc:17ff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff

这是对已接受答案的修复，错误地假设"第一个地址"应与输入的字符串相同。相反，它需要通过AND运算符针对其掩码修改其值。

为了演示该问题，请考虑以下示例输入：2001:db8:abc:1403::/54

预期成果：

First: 2001:db8:abc:1400::

实际结果：

First: 2001:db8:abc:1403::

计算给定 4 位序列掩码的相关数学公式为：

// Calculate the subnet mask. min() prevents the comparison from being negative
$mask = 0xf << (min(4, $flexbits));
// AND the original against its mask
$newval = $origval & $mask;

完整代码

<?php
/*
 * This is definitely not the fastest way to do it!
 */
// An example prefix
$prefix = '2001:db8:abc:1403::/54';
// Split in address and prefix length
list($addr_given_str, $prefixlen) = explode('/', $prefix);
// Parse the address into a binary string
$addr_given_bin = inet_pton($addr_given_str);
// Convert the binary string to a string with hexadecimal characters
$addr_given_hex = bin2hex($addr_given_bin);
// Overwriting first address string to make sure notation is optimal
$addr_given_str = inet_ntop($addr_given_bin);
// Calculate the number of 'flexible' bits
$flexbits = 128 - $prefixlen;
// Build the hexadecimal strings of the first and last addresses
$addr_hex_first = $addr_given_hex;
$addr_hex_last = $addr_given_hex;
// We start at the end of the string (which is always 32 characters long)
$pos = 31;
while ($flexbits > 0) {
    // Get the characters at this position
    $orig_first = substr($addr_hex_first, $pos, 1);
    $orig_last = substr($addr_hex_last, $pos, 1);
    // Convert them to an integer
    $origval_first = hexdec($orig_first);
    $origval_last = hexdec($orig_last);
    // First address: calculate the subnet mask. min() prevents the comparison from being negative
    $mask = 0xf << (min(4, $flexbits));
    // AND the original against its mask
    $new_val_first = $origval_first & $mask;
    // Last address: OR it with (2^flexbits)-1, with flexbits limited to 4 at a time
    $new_val_last = $origval_last | (pow(2, min(4, $flexbits)) - 1);
    // Convert them back to hexadecimal characters
    $new_first = dechex($new_val_first);
    $new_last = dechex($new_val_last);
    // And put those character back in their strings
    $addr_hex_first = substr_replace($addr_hex_first, $new_first, $pos, 1);
    $addr_hex_last = substr_replace($addr_hex_last, $new_last, $pos, 1);
    // We processed one nibble, move to previous position
    $flexbits -= 4;
    $pos -= 1;
}
// Convert the hexadecimal strings to a binary string
$addr_bin_first = hex2bin($addr_hex_first);
$addr_bin_last = hex2bin($addr_hex_last);
// And create an IPv6 address from the binary string
$addr_str_first = inet_ntop($addr_bin_first);
$addr_str_last = inet_ntop($addr_bin_last);
// Report to user
echo "Prefix: $prefix'n";
echo "First: $addr_str_first'n";
echo "Last: $addr_str_last'n";

输出：

Prefix: 2001:db8:abc:1403::/54
First: 2001:db8:abc:1400::
Last: 2001:db8:abc:17ff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff

对于那些偶然发现这个问题的人，您可以使用 GitHub 上的 dtr_pton 和 dtr_ntop 函数和dTRIP类更有效地做到这一点。

我们也注意到 PHP 中缺乏 IPv6 的重点和工具，并 http://www.highonphp.com/5-tips-for-working-with-ipv6-in-php 整理了这篇文章，这可能会对其他人有所帮助。

函数源

这会将 IP 转换为二进制表示形式：

/**
 * dtr_pton
 *
 * Converts a printable IP into an unpacked binary string
 *
 * @author Mike Mackintosh - mike@bakeryphp.com
 * @param string $ip
 * @return string $bin
 */
function dtr_pton( $ip ){
    if(filter_var($ip, FILTER_VALIDATE_IP, FILTER_FLAG_IPV4)){
        return current( unpack( "A4", inet_pton( $ip ) ) );
    }
    elseif(filter_var($ip, FILTER_VALIDATE_IP, FILTER_FLAG_IPV6)){
        return current( unpack( "A16", inet_pton( $ip ) ) );
    }
    throw new 'Exception("Please supply a valid IPv4 or IPv6 address");
    return false;
}

这会将二进制表示形式转换为可打印的 IP：

/**
 * dtr_ntop
 *
 * Converts an unpacked binary string into a printable IP
 *
 * @author Mike Mackintosh - mike@bakeryphp.com
 * @param string $str
 * @return string $ip
 */
function dtr_ntop( $str ){
    if( strlen( $str ) == 16 OR strlen( $str ) == 4 ){
        return inet_ntop( pack( "A".strlen( $str ) , $str ) );
    }
    throw new 'Exception( "Please provide a 4 or 16 byte string" );
    return false;
}

例子

使用 dtr_pton 函数，您可以：

$ip = dtr_pton("fe80:1:2:3:a:bad:1dea:dad");
$mask = dtr_pton("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::");

获取您的网络和广播：

var_dump( dtr_ntop( $ip & $mask ) );
var_dump( dtr_ntop( $ip | ~ $mask ) );

您的输出将是：

string(18) "fe80:1:2:3:a:ba0::"
string(26) "fe80:1:2:3:a:baf:ffff:ffff"

好吧，为了后代，我在这里添加我的code。还要感谢你们帮助我确定了这一点，因为我需要它用于 ipv6/ip2country 脚本。

它受到@mikemacintosh和@Sander Steffann在这里发布的代码的启发，略有改进（吝啬的想法），并返回了一个很好的对象，其中包含您不需要/不需要的所有数据：

/**
* This:
* <code>
* Ipv6_Prefix2Range('2001:43f8:10::/48');
* </code>
* returns this:
* <code>
* object(stdClass)#2 (4) {
*   ["Prefix"]=>
*   string(17) "2001:43f8:10::/48"
*   ["FirstHex"]=>
*   string(32) "200143f8001000000000000000000000"
*   ["LastHex"]=>
*   string(32) "200143f80010ffffffffffffffffffff"
*   ["MaskHex"]=>
*   string(32) "ffffffffffff00000000000000000000"
*   // Optional bin equivalents available
* }
* </code>
* 
* Tested against:
* @link https://www.ultratools.com/tools/ipv6CIDRToRange
* 
* @param string $a_Prefix
* @param bool $a_WantBins
* @return object
*/
function Ipv6_Prefix2Range($a_Prefix, $a_WantBins = false){
    // Validate input superficially with a RegExp and split accordingly
    if(!preg_match('~^([0-9a-f:]+)[[:punct:]]([0-9]+)$~i', trim($a_Prefix), $v_Slices)){
        return false;
    }
    // Make sure we have a valid ipv6 address
    if(!filter_var($v_FirstAddress = $v_Slices[1], FILTER_VALIDATE_IP, FILTER_FLAG_IPV6)){
        return false;
    }
    // The /## end of the range
    $v_PrefixLength = intval($v_Slices[2]);
    if($v_PrefixLength > 128){
        return false; // kind'a stupid :)
    }
    $v_SuffixLength = 128 - $v_PrefixLength;
    // Convert the binary string to a hexadecimal string
    $v_FirstAddressBin = inet_pton($v_FirstAddress);
    $v_FirstAddressHex = bin2hex($v_FirstAddressBin);
    // Build the hexadecimal string of the network mask
    // (if the manually formed binary is too large, base_convert() chokes on it... so we split it up)
    $v_NetworkMaskHex = str_repeat('1', $v_PrefixLength) . str_repeat('0', $v_SuffixLength);
    $v_NetworkMaskHex_parts = str_split($v_NetworkMaskHex, 8);
    foreach($v_NetworkMaskHex_parts as &$v_NetworkMaskHex_part){
        $v_NetworkMaskHex_part = base_convert($v_NetworkMaskHex_part, 2, 16);
        $v_NetworkMaskHex_part = str_pad($v_NetworkMaskHex_part, 2, '0', STR_PAD_LEFT);
    }
    $v_NetworkMaskHex = implode(null, $v_NetworkMaskHex_parts);
    unset($v_NetworkMaskHex_part, $v_NetworkMaskHex_parts);
    $v_NetworkMaskBin = inet_pton(implode(':', str_split($v_NetworkMaskHex, 4)));
    // We have the network mask so we also apply it to First Address
    $v_FirstAddressBin &= $v_NetworkMaskBin;
    $v_FirstAddressHex = bin2hex($v_FirstAddressBin);
    // Convert the last address in hexadecimal
    $v_LastAddressBin = $v_FirstAddressBin | ~$v_NetworkMaskBin;
    $v_LastAddressHex =  bin2hex($v_LastAddressBin);
    // Return a neat object with information
    $v_Return = array(
        'Prefix'    => "{$v_FirstAddress}/{$v_PrefixLength}",
        'FirstHex'  => $v_FirstAddressHex,
        'LastHex'   => $v_LastAddressHex,
        'MaskHex'   => $v_NetworkMaskHex,
    );
    // Bins are optional...
    if($a_WantBins){
        $v_Return = array_merge($v_Return, array(
            'FirstBin'  => $v_FirstAddressBin,
            'LastBin'   => $v_LastAddressBin,
            'MaskBin'   => $v_NetworkMaskBin,
        ));
    }
    return (object)$v_Return;
}

我喜欢函数和类，不喜欢实现可重用功能的不可重用代码。

PS：如果你发现它有问题，请回复我。我远不是IPv6方面的专家。