in_array() 性能优化


in_array() performance optimization

我有以下条件:

if(in_array($needle, $haystack) ||
    in_array($needle . "somePostfix", $haystack) ||
    in_array($needle . "someOtherPostfix", $haystack) ||
    // and some more) {
    // do something
}

我的干草堆包含超过 10k 个元素,此检查大约需要 400 毫秒。我知道in_array必须多次迭代整个数组。在我的情况下,常见的情况是找不到该元素。我试图通过创建以下方法来改善这一点,该方法仅在大海捞针上迭代一次:

function wildcardInArray($needle, $haystack) {
    foreach ($haystack as $value) {
        if (true === fnmatch($needle . '*', $haystack)) {
            return true;
        }
    }
    return false;
}

但这进一步降低了我的表现,在我看来,fnmatch是瓶颈。

这种数组搜索情况有什么改进吗?

这是一个非常有趣的问题,似乎没有很好的答案。我做了一些非常不科学的基准测试,对于一个有 100000 个元素的$haystack,我无法获得比in_array更快的速度。

PHP 5.5.9-1ubuntu4.14 (cli) (built: Oct 28 2015 01:34:46) 
Copyright (c) 1997-2014 The PHP Group
Zend Engine v2.5.0, Copyright (c) 1998-2014 Zend Technologies
    with Zend OPcache v7.0.3, Copyright (c) 1999-2014, by Zend Technologies
    with Xdebug v2.2.3, Copyright (c) 2002-2013, by Derick Rethans
Sorting Time*:    0.19367408752441
Imploding Time**: 0.0207359790802
preg_match:       0.10927486419678
needle ===:       0.083639144897461
in_array:         0.019428968429565
array_flip:       0.028955936431885
array_intersect:  0.15198707580566
array_diff:       0.15532493591309
//*sort without search (binary search wouldn't add much time)
//**time it took to implode the array 
//     (no search was performed, this search WOULD take significant time if implemented)

如您所见,这些方法中只有三种花费了不到 100 毫秒的时间,needle ===in_arrayarray_flip .在这三者中,in_array显然是最快的。现在的问题是你有多少个后缀?in_array的运行时间将是O(n*m)(n是大海捞针的大小,m是后缀的数量(,如果m也非常大,这是一个问题。如果m非常大,则O(m*log(n))对数据进行一次排序并在排序列表上执行二叉搜索,其增长速度要慢得多,但初始开销更高,如上面的排序时间所示。更好的是,如果你有一个非常大的m可能会被array_flip因为每个搜索应该只在初始翻转后进行O(1)查找。

法典

大海捞针创建

$haystack = array();
function getRandomWord($len = 10) {
        $len = rand(3,10);
        $word = array_merge(range('a', 'z'), range('A', 'Z'));
            shuffle($word);
            return substr(implode($word), 0, $len);
}
$numWords = 100000;
for($i = 0; $i < $numWords; $i++) {
    $haystack[] = getRandomWord();
}

测试

//*Sorting*    
$copy = $haystack;
sort($copy);

//implode    
$copy = implode($haystack, " ");

//*preg_match_test*
function preg_match_test($regex, $haystack) {
    $matches = false;
    foreach($haystack as $value) {
        if (preg_match($regex, $value)) {
            $matches = true;
            break;
        }
    }
    return $matches;
}
//needle ===
function equalsNeedle($needles, $haystack) {
    $matches = false;
    foreach ($haystack as $value) {
        foreach($needles as $needle) {
            if ($needle === $value) {
                $matches = true;
                break 2;
            }
        }
    }
    return $matches;
}
//in_array
function baseCase($needles, $haystack) {
    $matches = false;
    foreach($needles as $needle) {
        if (in_array($needle, $haystack)) {
            $matches = true;
            break;
        }
    }
    return $matches;
}
//array_flip
function arrayFlipping($needles, $haystack) {
    $matches = false;
    $copy = array_flip($haystack);
    foreach ($needles as $needle) {
        if (array_key_exists($needle, $copy)) {
            $matches = true;
        }
    }
    return $matches;
}
//array_intersect
function arrayIntersect($needles, $haystack) {
    if (count(array_intersect($needles, $haystack)) > 0) {
        return true;
    }
    return false;
}
//array_diff
function arrayDiff($needles, $haystack) {
    if (count(array_diff($needles, $haystack)) !== count($needles)) {
        return true;
    }
    return false;
}

呼叫代码

$array = array("foo","foobar","foobazz","foobuzz");
$base = "foo";
$regex = "/^$base(bizz|bazz|buzz|)$/";
echo "preg_match: ";
preg_match_test($regex, $haystack);
echo "needle === ";
equalsNeedle($array, $haystack);
echo "in_array:  ";
baseCase($array, $haystack);
echo "array_flip:  ";
arrayFlipping($array, $haystack);
echo "array_intersect:  ";
arrayIntersect($array, $haystack);
echo "array_diff:  ";
arrayDiff($array, $haystack);

所有测试都使用microtime(true)的计时代码包装。

您可以将数组用作"键",即:

$arr = ['a', 'b', 'c', … ]; $arr = ['a' => true, 'b' => true, …] .

您将消耗更多内存,但您将获得即时结果 isset($arr[$key]); .

速度最快但内存最大,您可以使用 stdClass 和 isset($obj->$key);

$obj = new stdClass();
$obj->{'a'} = true;
$obj->{'b'} = true;
$obj->{'…'} = true;

如果您无法更改数组结构,请告诉我们是否可以手动对数组内容进行排序?

// generic
$length = strlen($needle);
$char = $needle[0];
$found = false;
$suffixes = [ false, 'somePostfix', 'someOtherPostfix' ];
foreach($haystack as $entry) {
  if ($char === $entry[0] && $needle === substr($entry, 0, $length)) {
    $suffix = substr($entry, $length);
    if (in_array($suffix, $suffixes, true)) {
      $found = true;
      break;
    }
  }
}